Is It Ethical To Use Animals In Medical Testing?

Is It Ethical To Use Animals In Medical Testing? Medicine is very complicated field. There is no doubt that it has helped human beings through history to live longer, but it has had its bad times too. Because of medicine we have found cures for various diseases, and now can extend our lives for years. Medicine is helping animals too. However, on occasions, medicine is a very controversial field, and animal testing is one of the most controversial fields of medicine. Some people and medical experts regard animal testing as necessary and helpful in discovering various cures. On the other hand, many animal right groups, and also medical experts, consider animal testing cruel and unnecessary. In my opinion animal testing is unethical and if not forbidden it should be limited to the maximum. Animal testing kills innocent animals in the cruelest ways such as dissection, poisoning, vivisection, toxicology testing, and other methods. To better understand why animal testing is unethical and why it should be limited I will present the pros a nd cons arguments of animal testing. First of all, animal testing should be forbidden because for certain products there is no need for testing. There are products, which pose no danger to the human health, but medical personnel still performs tests on animals to see the results. These are just in case tests, which kill animals for no cause. For example, killing animals just to find out if a shampoo or soap smells good is unethical. Medical companies, and experts, should create some kind of ethical code for animal testing. For example, animal tests are forbidden for products that do not cause serious health problems in human beings. Lab experts and doctors should find other ways how to conduct safety testing for such basic products, and limit the number of animals that are killed. Additionally, many experts argue that results from animal testing may generate at least two or more different outcomes. For example, soap may cause allergy in rats, but not in rabbits. In this case both animals would be killed for no result. Also, blinding or killing a rabbit just to see if some new kind of mascara is satisfactory is very cruel and unethical. Further, animals are different from human beings they have different bodies and other organs, so testing on animals may not bring the expected results. Rats, frogs, or rabbits may react to some chemical or drug, but this does not guarantee that the reaction will be the same or similar when tested on human beings. Because, humans are different from animals there is no need for animal testing. Medical workers should find more efficient ways to test products that will get them the right results. According to many animal rights groups and medical experts, that are against animal testing, the biggest argument against animal testing is that there are now many other alternative testing methods available. The medicine has become so advanced that animal testing is obsolete. If we want more accurate and real results we can use human cells for testing. They may show the exact reaction and results from drugs or other testing. Also, tissue studies are very advanced methods for testing medical cures and drugs. Tissue samples can be used to analyze the effects of a soup or other body creams, or an allergen or other type of drug. These tissue experiments will show the desired effects on human beings. Because of the above mentioned alternative testing methods, and many others which are available nowadays, animal testing should be banned or very limited, as there is no need for it. Even though, many people consider animal testing cruel and unethical, many other consider it essential for achieving the desired medical results. These pro animal testing groups have their arguments about this issue. One of their strongest arguments is that medical research saves millions of lives each year. Because of testing on animals, they argue, medical workers around the world could find cures to HIV/AIDS, cancer, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, and many other non-curable diseases as of the moment. Therefore, those supporters of animal testing argue that if animal testing is eliminated there may be some future problems in finding new cures for existing and new diseases. That is why animal testing is so important. Another argument for animal testing is that animal testing not only helps human beings, but it also helps animals. During the last two to three decades, the discovery of various cures for animal diseases has increased dramatically. Animals today live longer compared to 40 to 50 years ago. Pro groups argue that thanks to animal testing, animals now have better chance to survive diseases and injuries. Animals are treated from various diseases thanks to them and the experiments done on them. Nowadays, a whole field of medicine is dedicated to animals. Doctors are performing surgical operations on animals; horses and dogs and other domestic animals are treated for various kinds of viral infections, etc. Also, defenders of animal testing argue that if there were other testing techniques, that can substitute animal testing, then they will accept them. But, as of the moment, according to them, there are no other advanced testing techniques. That is why now and in the future, until some other testing methods are found, animal testing remains the most valuable testing method. People and medical science are massively dependent on animal testing to find cures for some serious diseases. Moreover, as some supporters of animal testing claim, we should be more concerned with saving human lives than with saving animal lives. According to them, animals are worthy to some respect, but they are not as worthy as a human live. Many of them argue that if a person comes in the situation to choose between saving the life of a rat or the live of his mother, the answer is already known. That is why, animal testing should be allowed, because saving human lives is more beneficial than saving animal lives. However, the testing processes and experiments should be controlled. Finally, the strongest argument for animal testing is that the complaints of the people, who are against animal testing, are not correct and they are vague, and they do not constitute serious arguments. The pro groups argue that animal testing has generated very valuable information of how certain drugs, and other medical cures, work inside human bodies. Because of animal testing we are where we are in medicine today. Even though, both pro and cons groups have strong arguments, according to me, animal testing is unethical and cruel. Maybe it should not be forbidden altogether, but certainly it should be limited. Animal testing should be used when looking for cures for some serious disease such as cancer. But, it should be strictly controlled when the testing is done for products that cannot harm human health, such as testing animals for detergents. The medical companies and experts around the world should seat and discuss ways to reduce animal testing to the minimum. There should be some ethical standards of how animals should be used and treated during tests.

Child Development Essay -- Psychology Locke Rousseau Essays Papers

Child Development John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were the founding fathers of the psychology of children. Locke was an environmentalist, while Rousseau was a naturalist. They had opposing viewpoints. They both believed in different things when it came to developing minds of children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Locke was an environmentalist. He believed a child's mind develops largely on the environment accordance with his/her experience of the world, and through learning. He brings forth the concept of tabula rasa, or blank slate; this blank slate is a child's mind that eventually fills up with learning and experience. According to Locke, there are four things of environment that mold a child's mind. The first is associations. This is where one thought is usually associated with another ? for example, when a child is placed in a crib he may start crying, because being in the crib would be mean that he couldn't be with his mother. The second one is repetition. These are habitual practices that we do over and over - to the point where, if we don't do it, things will seem out of place. The third is imitation. Children often like to imitate others, like repeating the same utterance their caregiver may have recently said. Or, for example, if child A starts playing with an aggressive child B, child A might end up becoming more aggressive as well. This is through influence and modeling. The fourth is rewards and punishment. For example, a child may yearn to receive good grades becaus...

Cubism as a Modern Movement

Midterm Essay Exam Analytical & Synthetic Cubism and Modern Art Analytical Cubism, invented by Pablo Picasso and Georges Baroque, is the artistic style of creating shapes and details that represent an object or person. Braque's Violin and Palette (Figure 1 below) is a great example of Analytical Cubism. Baroque took an object, the violin, and broke it down into a series of shapes that merely represent what a violin is from multiple points of view. â€Å"l no longer believe in anything. Objects don't exist for me except in so far as a rapport exists between them r between them and myself.When one attains this harmony, one reaches a sort of intellectual non-existence what I can only describe as a state of peace which makes everything possible and right. Life then becomes a perpetual revelation. That is true poetry,† Georges Baroque. Figure 1, Georges Braque's Violin and Palette Synthetic Cubism, also developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Baroque, slowly got developed through an alytical cubism. They developed it by repeating analytic designs in their work thus generalizing the objects even more making them more metrically simple and flat.Collage was a huge part of the synthetic style, replacing painted objects with the actual object glues onto the canvas. Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning (Figure 2 below) is an excellent example of synthetic cubism. Synthetic cubism's use of art made by artists combined with art made by manufacturer and is often said to be the first Pop Art. â€Å"In Cubism, in the end what was important is what one wanted to do, the intention one had. And that one cannot paint,† Pablo Picasso. Figure 2, Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning Their are quite a few distinct differences between Analytical and Synthetic Cubism.The first and most relevant being the use of collage in synthetic but not in analytic cubism. For example instead of Picasso painting the chair caning into the painting of his Still Life with Chair Caning, he si mply attached it onto the the picture as if it belonged onto the canvas. Compare that to how Baroque made the violin in Violin and Palette, everything is painted onto the picture and is somewhat recognizable as the object from which it represents. Analytical Cubism still had an element of three dimensionality whereas Synthetic Cubism lost all sense of three dimensional space and was Just two dimensional and flat.Analytical Cubism also involved using muted colors so the focus was on composition and the change of perspective while Synthetic Cubism used bright colors as well as graphics, words, and other media. Synthetic Cubism also had much more distinct geometrical patterns and textures. Analytical Cubism paved the way modern art breaks traditional meaner of how things are represented. It abandons perspective and dispenses with realistic enduring of figures and objects and replaces that by making representational shapes in the composition. Background is blended into foreground.Synthe tic Cubism paved the way for Pop Art using other media based matter and integrating it into the composition. â€Å"Cubism paved the way for geometric abstract art by putting an entirely new emphasis on the unity between the depicted scene in a picture, and the surface of the canvas. Its innovations would be taken up by the likes of Piety Mandarin, who continued to explore its use of the grid, its abstract system of signs, and its shallow pace,† (Wolf). Cubism was the first step of modern art towards abstraction. Cubism focused on developing a way of viewing that reflected the modern age.Technological advances lead to the rise of this new style, with the invention of cars, planes, cameras, phones, sound recording and cinematography, artists needed a new way of conveying these objects and advances. Cubism directly influenced Futurism, Vortices, Supremacist, Constructivism, and Expressionism. Modern art's time period includes approximately from the sass's to the sass's, cubism t akes place in the early sass's so it falls into his time frame. Modern art is art that usually dissociates the traditional style of art and experimenting with new ways of seeing the world around them.Modern art moves away from the narrative and becomes more and more abstract. This clearly fits into the cubist movement the Picasso and Baroque created. The concept of Modern Art is based on the modern thought, character, and practice of Modernism. It developed from the rise of industries, rapid growth of city life, and first world war. Modernism reflects the rise of the changes in traditional thinking that were considered to be outdated, these include art, architecture, literature, religion, social structure, and daily life.This change in thinking resulted in the the gradual change to modern art and modernism. Both forms of cubism, analytical and synthetic, follow this practice. Seeing everyday life and life's objects and figures in a new way is what cubism is. Braque's violin in Violi n and Palette and Picasso Still Life with Chair Caning show this style of thought process. Braque's violin shows every view point and angle of a violin all at the same time, challenging the idea of traditional thinking.All of the above mentioned subjects reflect on how both analytical and synthetic cubism are a part of the modern movement and how the two are different from each other. They both challenge traditional thinking and art by changing the way the world is seen and what art can be. The differences between the two include execution, the use or disuse of collage, and the color schemes involved in both. Analytic cubism doesn't use collage techniques, has a muted color palette, and is more three dimensional. Synthetic cubism uses collage techniques, has more a more vibrant lour palette, and is very two dimensional.Both are a part of modernism and both heavily influenced many of the art movements that appeared later in the modern art era. â€Å"Cubism came about because, in the process of analyzing form, something that lay in the form, a plane, could be lifted out to float on its own†¦ † Joseph Plackets). Graphic Champs De Mars: La Tour Rouge. Robert Delaney Bibliography Baroque, Georges. Cubism Art Quotes. Picasso, Pablo. Cubism Art Quotes. Plackets, Joseph. Cubism Art Quotes. Wolf, Justine. 2012. The Art Story Foundation.

Misogyny in The Picture of Dorian Gray - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 514 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Did you like this example? In Oscar Wildes novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian Gray is influenced by his friends Basil and Lord Henry. Basil is portrayed as the good influence because he always tried to keep him from following any evil patterns. On the other hand, Lord Henry was considered a terrible influence towards Dorian, for he taught this character that pleasure was the most important quality in life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Misogyny in The Picture of Dorian Gray" essay for you Create order Being more intrigued by the path of pleasure, Dorian strikes a corrupt sense of mentality, which only becomes worse when he continues to sin. To further emphasize the misogynic view within this novel, Wilde writes Dorian, Basil, and Lord Henry as the main characters, whereas the women in the novel, such as Sibyl Vane and her mother, were perceived minor and unimportant. Oscar Wilde demonstrates the use of misogyny by outcasting the women roles in the book, almost the same way men treated women during the Victorian Era. Throughout this Era and novel, men demonstrated sexist comments and actions along with having a hatred towards women.. Women were considered property of their husbands. The only job that was deemed acceptable was a teacher; worst of all, during this Era, women were introduced to a double sexual standard which were restrictive rules for womens sexuality with passionate freedom for men. This began to raise the level of prostitution and even venereal disease. Society in the Victorian Era prevented and discouraged women from having any kind of power. The neglection women received became a norm in both males and females eyes. In his novel, Wilde disregarded the female roles to represent the life women had during this time period. Due to the lack of importance and the type of treatment women received in the novel, later results to the evil actions Dorian Gray progressively makes and escalates the greediness among the male characters. Lord Henrys morals often criticize women based on their intelligence, as well as, believing that women are a decorative sex and they arent worth talking to because they never have anything to say (Wilde 51). The importance of his statement helps provides evidence that men never found any interest in women and theyre only there for a distraction or company. Dorian Gray strikes his first significant encounter with evil with Sibyl Vane, an actress, when he encounters her true feelings about him. Dorian argues that Sibyl is not worth anything when he states, You are shallow and stupid how mad I was to love you! What a fool I have been! You are nothing to me now. I will never see you againnever think of younever mention your name I wish I had never laid eyes upon you! You have spoiled the romance of my life Without your art, you are nothing (Wilde 91). Misogyny is being shown through this dialogue because Dorian is demonstrating the lack of care and love for Sibyl and shows that he only really loved her for her art, not her true self. Dorian disrespecting and antagonizing Sibyl only corrupted his soul more and will be throughout the rest of the novel.